Asteris, P. G., V. Sarhosis, A. Mohebkhah, V. Plevris, L. Papaloizou, P. Komodromos and J. V. Lemos, "Numerical Modeling of Historic Masonry Structures", in Handbook of Research on Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation of Historic Structures, P. G. Asteris and V. Plevris (Eds.), IGI Global, pp. 213-256, 2015.

Abstract:
The majority of historical and heritage structures around the world consist of unreinforced masonry walls. A masonry structure is composed of masonry units, such as brick or marble blocks, with or without a joint filling material, such as mortar. A masonry with a joint material is usually made of two different materials (i.e. masonry units and mortar), representing a non-homogeneous and anisotropic structural component. In other words, masonry is a discontinuous structural component whose deformations and failure mechanism are governed by its blocky behavior. Some ancient masonry structures, such as ancient columns and colonnades, are constructed without any form of joint material between the individual blocks. Therefore, the isotropic elastic continuum-based models are not suitable for the simulation of the real nonlinear behavior of masonry walls under applied load.